chapter 1
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. The tenses are past, present, and future.
Tense can also make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that.
In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event.
The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from experience or hearsay (evidentiality).[ Tense differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these meanings (see tense–aspect–mood).
In languages which have tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together.
chapter 2
1. Present Tenses
- simple present tense
- Present Continuous tense
- Present Perfect tense
- Present Perfect Continuous tense
- simple present tense
- Present Continuous tense
- Present Perfect tense
- Present Perfect Continuous tense
2. Past Tenses
- Simple Past tense
- Past Continuous tense
- Past Perfect Tense
- Past Perfect Continuous tense
- Simple Past tense
- Past Continuous tense
- Past Perfect Tense
- Past Perfect Continuous tense
3. (Present) Future Tenses
- (Present) Simple Future tense
- (Present) Future Continuous tense
- (Present) Future Perfect tense
- (Present) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- (Present) Simple Future tense
- (Present) Future Continuous tense
- (Present) Future Perfect tense
- (Present) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
4. Conditional / Past Future Tense
- (Simple) Conditional / Past Future tense
- Conditional / Past Future Continuous tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect Continuous tense
- (Simple) Conditional / Past Future tense
- Conditional / Past Future Continuous tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect Continuous tense
Present Tense
Kalimat Berkata Kerja
(+) Subject+Verb 1 (s/es)+Object
Kalimat Tidak Berkata Kerja
(+) Subject+to be+noun, adjective, adverb
He catches a bird
We are happy everytime
She is a new people here.
He plays football every morning
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sesuatu yang terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat dibicarakan
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+to be (is/am/are)+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+to be+not+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(?) To be+subject+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
- Contoh Kalimat
a, She is singing at the zoo
b. I am studying English
- Kegunaan
a. Menunjukkan suatu kejadian, kegiatan, atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung ketika si penutur sedang berbicara. Tense ini biasanya diiringi adverb of time: now, at present, at this moment, right now.
b. Pengulangan suatu tindakan yang sama.
c. Tindakan yang akan segera dilakukan terutama menyangkut kata kerja gerak: go, come, do, walk, swim, run
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya dengan sekarang. Akibat-akibat kejadian itu masih terasa atau masih ada sisa-sisa bekas kejadian yang belum lama terjadi
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+have/has+been/Verb-3+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+have/has+not+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Have/has+Subject+V-3+object, adjective, adverb
2. Contoh Kalimat
a. I have painted this house
b. She has eaten some food in dining room
- Kegunaan
a. Sesuatu yang telah sempurna dilakukan pada saat diucapkan atau kejadian yang baru saja terjadi dan akibatnya masih dapat dirasakan sampai sekarang. Kata keterangan yang sering disisipkan di antaranya: just, already, once, yet, not yet, since
b. Menyatakan sesuatu pengalaman
c. Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah dimulai dari titik waktu atau selama waktu tertentu dan masih berlanjut hingga sekarang. Biasanya ada keterangan since dan for
- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sesuatu kejadian yang telah terjadi dan mulai dari masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+have/has+been+Verb-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+have/has+not+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Have/has+been+Subject+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
2. Contoh Kalimat
a. They have been sleeping since ten until now.
b. She has been working in the workshop
- Kegunaan
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang masih berlangsung sampai saat ini (berawal dari satu titik waktu di masa lampau dan berlanjut terus hingga sekarang). Biasanya disisipi keterangan since, for, since…until.
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang belum lama terjadi
- SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Situasi atau satu kejadian yang terjadi pada titik waktu di masa lampau
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+Verb-2+ object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+did not+V-1+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Did+Subject+Verb-1+object, adjective, adverb
2. Contoh Kalimat
1. We stopped the bus at the bus stop yesterday
2. She wrote letter all day yesterday
- PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Situasi yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+be (was/were)+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+was/were+not+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Was/were+Subject+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
- Kegunaan
a. Menunjukkan kegiatan, kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau ketika suatu kejadian, kegiatan, atau peristiwa lain terjadi
b. Untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Sesuatu yang sudah terjadi, sebelum kejadian lain terjadi pada waktu lampau
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+had+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+had+not+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Had+subject+V-3+object, adjective, adverb
- Kegunaan
a. Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang sudah dituntaskan di masa lampau sebelum suatu kegiatan lain terjadi
b. Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai dalam waktu tertentu di masa yang telah lalu
8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Suatu kejadian yang sangat lama, dan masih ada hubungannya dengan saat tertentu pada waktu lampau
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+had+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+had+not+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Had+subject+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
2. Kegunaan
a. Menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang masih berlangsung atau terjadi dalam satu jangka waktu tertentu di masa lampau
b. Membicarakan sesuatu yang kejadiannya berlangsung sangat lama, dan masih ada hubungannya dengan satu tertentu di masa lampau
c. Membicarakan lama berlangsungnya dari suatu kejadian sebelum suatu kejadian yang lain terjadi di masa lampau
9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan atau peristiwa yang mungkin atau akan terjadi
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+will/shall+be/Verb-1+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+will/shall+not+be/Verb-1+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Will/shall+Subject+be/V-1+object, adjective, adverb
2. Kegunaan
a. Menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi atau mungkin akan dilakukan di masa yang akan datang
b. Membicarakan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan pada saat berbicara
c. Menawarkan sesuatu
d. Menjanjikan sesuatu
e. Menyetujui atau menolak sesuatu
f. Meminta seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada titik waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+will/shall+be+Verb-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+will/shall+not+be+Verb-1+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Will/shall+Subject+be+V-1+object, adjective, adverb
2. Kegunaan
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsug atau terjadi pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.
- This time next week I will be shopping in Malaysia
- By two o’clock next Sunday I will be playing golf
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Suatu kejadian yang diperkirakan tuntas di masa yang akan dating
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+will/shall+have+V-3+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+will/shall+not+have+Verb-3+object, adjective, adverb
(?) Will/shall+Subject+have+V-3+object, adjective, adverb
2. Kegunaan
Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang direncanakan telah tuntas atau dituntaskan di masa yang akan datang. Kata keterangan yang digunakan misalnya: by then, by that time, in five hours, in six years
- The Congress will have been over by two o’clock tomorrow
- By the end of this month we shall have arrived I London
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Suatu kejadian yang diperkirakan masih berlangsung di masa yang akan datang
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+will/shall+have+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
(-) Subject+will/shall+not+have+been+Verb-ing+object, adj, adverb
(?) Will/shall+Subject+have+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb
2. Kegunaan
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kajadian atau peristiwa yang masih berlangsung dalam jangka waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang
13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+should/would+Verb-1
(-) Subject+should/would+not+V-1
(?) Would/should+Subject+V-1
2. Contoh Kalimat
- I would buy a new house
- You would get wet
- If I were you, I wouldn’t do that
14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+should/would+be+Verb-ing
(-) Subject+should/would+not+V-1
(?) Would/should+Subject+V-1
2. Contoh Kalimat
- I would be playing football
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+should/would+have+Verb-3
(-) Subject+should/would+not+V-1
(?) Would/should+Subject+V-1
2. Contoh Kalimat
- If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam
- If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed
16. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Pola Kalimat
(+) Subject+should/would+have+been+Verb-ing
(-) Subject+should/would+not+V-1
(?) Would/should+Subject+V-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense
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